Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Mary M. Cameron; Alvaro Acosta-Serrano; Caryn Bern; Marleen Boelaert; Margriet Den Boer; Sakib Burza; Lloyd A.C. Chapman; Alexandra Chaskopoulou; Michael Coleman; Orin Courtenay; Simon Croft; Pradeep Das; Erin Dilger; Geraldine Foster; Rajesh Garlapati; Lee Haines; Angela Harris; Janet Hemingway; T. Déirdre Hollingsworth; Sarah Jervis; Graham Medley; Michael Miles; Mark Paine; Albert Picado; Richard Poché; Paul Ready; Matthew Rogers; Mark Rowland; Shyam Sundar; Sake J. De Vlas; David Weetman

doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8

Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Mary M. Cameron, Alvaro Acosta-Serrano, Caryn Bern, Marleen Boelaert, Margriet Den Boer, Sakib Burza, Lloyd A.C. Chapman, Alexandra Chaskopoulou, Michael Coleman, Orin Courtenay, Simon Croft, Pradeep Das, Erin Dilger, Geraldine Foster, Rajesh Garlapati, Lee Haines, Angela Harris, Janet Hemingway, T. Déirdre Hollingsworth, Sarah JervisGraham Medley, Michael Miles, Mark Paine, Albert Picado, Richard Poché, Paul Ready, Matthew Rogers, Mark Rowland, Shyam Sundar, Sake J. De Vlas, David Weetman

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

54 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmania

donovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India,

Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases and

vector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate post

elimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, human

infection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically in

the context of Bihar State, India.

The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include better

estimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially,

temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipes

disperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools to

distinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/

refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies.

It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital to

define what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore,

a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sand

flies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in the

Indian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations,

more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform the

national programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of people

sleeping outside

Original language	English
Article number	25
Journal	Parasites and Vectors
Volume	9
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8
Publication status	Published - 27 Jan 2016

Keywords

Control
Elimination
Indian sub-continent
Leishmania donovani
Phlebotomus argentipes
Transmission
Visceral leishmaniasis

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8Licence: CC BY

Understanding the transmission dynamicsFinal published version, 485 KBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Cameron, M. M., Acosta-Serrano, A., Bern, C., Boelaert, M., Den Boer, M., Burza, S., Chapman, L. A. C., Chaskopoulou, A., Coleman, M., Courtenay, O., Croft, S., Das, P., Dilger, E., Foster, G., Garlapati, R., Haines, L., Harris, A., Hemingway, J., Hollingsworth, T. D., ... Weetman, D. (2016). Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India. Parasites and Vectors, 9(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8

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title = "Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India",

abstract = "Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmaniadonovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India,Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases andvector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate postelimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, humaninfection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically inthe context of Bihar State, India.The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include betterestimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially,temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipesdisperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools todistinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies.It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital todefine what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore,a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sandflies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in theIndian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations,more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform thenational programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of peoplesleeping outside",

keywords = "Control, Elimination, Indian sub-continent, Leishmania donovani, Phlebotomus argentipes, Transmission, Visceral leishmaniasis",

author = "Cameron, \{Mary M.\} and Alvaro Acosta-Serrano and Caryn Bern and Marleen Boelaert and \{Den Boer\}, Margriet and Sakib Burza and Chapman, \{Lloyd A.C.\} and Alexandra Chaskopoulou and Michael Coleman and Orin Courtenay and Simon Croft and Pradeep Das and Erin Dilger and Geraldine Foster and Rajesh Garlapati and Lee Haines and Angela Harris and Janet Hemingway and Hollingsworth, \{T. D{\'e}irdre\} and Sarah Jervis and Graham Medley and Michael Miles and Mark Paine and Albert Picado and Richard Poch{\'e} and Paul Ready and Matthew Rogers and Mark Rowland and Shyam Sundar and \{De Vlas\}, \{Sake J.\} and David Weetman",

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doi = "10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

journal = "Parasites and Vectors",

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Cameron, MM, Acosta-Serrano, A, Bern, C, Boelaert, M, Den Boer, M, Burza, S, Chapman, LAC, Chaskopoulou, A, Coleman, M, Courtenay, O, Croft, S, Das, P, Dilger, E, Foster, G, Garlapati, R, Haines, L, Harris, A, Hemingway, J, Hollingsworth, TD, Jervis, S, Medley, G, Miles, M, Paine, M, Picado, A, Poché, R, Ready, P, Rogers, M, Rowland, M, Sundar, S, De Vlas, SJ & Weetman, D 2016, 'Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India', Parasites and Vectors, vol. 9, no. 1, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8

TY - JOUR

T1 - Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

AU - Cameron, Mary M.

AU - Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro

AU - Bern, Caryn

AU - Boelaert, Marleen

AU - Den Boer, Margriet

AU - Burza, Sakib

AU - Chapman, Lloyd A.C.

AU - Chaskopoulou, Alexandra

AU - Coleman, Michael

AU - Courtenay, Orin

AU - Croft, Simon

AU - Das, Pradeep

AU - Dilger, Erin

AU - Foster, Geraldine

AU - Garlapati, Rajesh

AU - Haines, Lee

AU - Harris, Angela

AU - Hemingway, Janet

AU - Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre

AU - Jervis, Sarah

AU - Medley, Graham

AU - Miles, Michael

AU - Paine, Mark

AU - Picado, Albert

AU - Poché, Richard

AU - Ready, Paul

AU - Rogers, Matthew

AU - Rowland, Mark

AU - Sundar, Shyam

AU - De Vlas, Sake J.

AU - Weetman, David

PY - 2016/1/27

Y1 - 2016/1/27

N2 - Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmaniadonovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India,Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases andvector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate postelimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, humaninfection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically inthe context of Bihar State, India.The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include betterestimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially,temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipesdisperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools todistinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies.It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital todefine what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore,a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sandflies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in theIndian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations,more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform thenational programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of peoplesleeping outside

AB - Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmaniadonovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India,Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases andvector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate postelimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, humaninfection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically inthe context of Bihar State, India.The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include betterestimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially,temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipesdisperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools todistinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies.It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital todefine what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore,a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sandflies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in theIndian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations,more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform thenational programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of peoplesleeping outside

KW - Control

KW - Elimination

KW - Indian sub-continent

KW - Leishmania donovani

KW - Phlebotomus argentipes

KW - Transmission

KW - Visceral leishmaniasis

U2 - 10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8

DO - 10.1186/s13071-016-1309-8

M3 - Review article

SN - 1756-3305

VL - 9

JO - Parasites and Vectors

JF - Parasites and Vectors

IS - 1

M1 - 25

ER -

Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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Cite this