The human-baited double net trap: An alternative to human landing catches for collecting outdoor biting mosquitoes in Lao PDR: An alternative to human landing catches for collecting outdoor biting mosquitoes in Lao PDR

Estimating the exposure of individuals tomosquito-borne diseases is a key measure used to evaluate the success of vector control operations. The gold standard is to use human landing catches wheremosquitoes are collected off the exposed limbs of human collectors. This is however an unsatisfactorymethod since it potentially exposes individuals to a range of mosquitoborne diseases. In this study several samplingmethods were compared to find amethod that is representative of the human-biting rate outdoors, but which does not expose collectors tomosquito-borne infections. The sampling efficiency of four odour-baited traps were compared outdoors in rural Lao PDR; the human-baited double net (HDN) trap, CDC light trap, BG sentinel trap and Suna trap. Subsequently the HDN, the best performing trap, was compared directly with human landing catches (HLC), the 'gold standard', for estimating human-biting rates. HDNs collected 11-44 times moremosquitoes than the other traps, with the exception of the HLC. The HDN collected similar numbers of Anopheles (Rate Ratio, RR = 1.16, 95% Confidence Intervals, 95% CI = 0.61-2.20) and Culex mosquitoes (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.74-2.17) as HLC, but under-estimated the numbers of Aedes albopictus (RR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.27-0.77). Simpson's index of diversity was 0.845 (95% CI 0.836-0.854) for the HDN trap and 0.778 (95% CI 0.769-0.787) for HLC, indicating that the HDN collected a greater diversity ofmosquito species than HLC. Both HLC and HDN can distinguish between low and high biting rates and are crude ways to measure human-biting rate. The HDN is a simple and cheap method to estimate the human-biting rate outdoors without exposing collectors tomosquito bites.