Evaluating Antiretroviral Therapy Service Delivery Models Through Lot Quality Assurance Sampling in Central Uganda.

Background: This study evaluated the effectiveness and responsiveness of differentiated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired

Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) service delivery models (DSDMs) implemented to enhance antiretroviral therapy (ART) access and

outcomes for patients while addressing Tuberculosis (TB)-HIV integration, focusing on four of the five DSDMs currently implemented in Uganda.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight districts of central Uganda using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling

approach from 7th to 23rd March 2023. We randomly sampled 2668 patients who have been on ART for at least 1 year in a Facility-Based

Individual Management (FBIM) model or in a non-FBIM DSDM for at least one year. Data were collected through patient interviews and

review of records in ART and DSDM registers as well as ART cards. We analyzed the data in proportions, comparing the selected ART outcome

and responsiveness indicators between Community Client Led ART Distribution (CCLAD), Community Drugs Distribution Point (CDDP) and

Fast-Track Drug Refill (FTDR) DSDMs with the standard care (FBIM) model. The ART outcome variables include patients retained in the 1st

line of the ART regimen, patients in World Health Organization clinical stage 1 during the last facility visit, patients who had no CD4 request

during the past 12 months, viral load suppression, ART adherence, and patients who reported that they did not experience HIV/AIDS-related

symptoms in the past 6 months. The variables on TB care include screening for TB using the intensified case finding form and patients tested positive for TB. Responsiveness variables include the perceived; travel time for ART refill, travel distance for ART refill, convenience and

flexibility during ART refill, cost of travel for ART refill, fear of being seen at ART refill point, waiting time before service, adequacy of service

time, crowding and risk of infections, social support, ability to address ART treatment challenges, HIV status disclosure and barriers to access.

Non-overlap in 95% confidence interval in indicator proportion between non-FBIM DSDM and FBIM means a statistically significant

difference in proportion, or otherwise non-significant.

Results: Higher proportions of ART patients in the CCLAD and CDDP DSDMs adhered to ART, had suppressed viral load, and a lower TB

prevalence than those in FBIM model. Additionally, more CCLAD and CDDP clients reported shorter travel time and distance to access

ART than their counterparts in the FBIM model. Compared to FBIM model, higher proportions of those in CCLAD and CDDP also reported

flexibility in ART refill scheduling, reduced transport costs, fewer privacy concerns, less HIV/AIDS-related stigma, shorter waiting times,

more efficient services, decreased congestion at ART pickup sites, enhanced peer support, improved problem-solving assistance, and

increased HIV status disclosure. The FTDR model outperformed FBIM in proportions with fewer requests for CD4 testing, viral load

suppression, as well as proportions of clients who reported; shorter travel time, lower transportation cost, decreased privacy concerns,

shorter waiting time, and efficient service provision. Compared to both CDDP and FTDR, the FBIM had a higher proportion of clients

remain on the first-line ART regimen.

Conclusion: Community-based DSDMs show responsiveness to clients’ needs without compromising the effectiveness of ART care

for patients. Although FTDR also demonstrates high effectiveness and responsiveness for clients on ART, there is potential for further

improvement. Planners and implementers of ART programs should consider both demand- and supply-side innovations to sustain the

continuation of DSDMs